Deepavali pollution spike: how does it affect lung function and respiratory health?

Deepavali celebrations across India involve the widespread use of firecrackers, which generate a sudden rise in ambient pollution levels. The combustion of fireworks releases fine particulate matter, especially particles smaller than 2.5 microns, along with gases such as sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide. These pollutants quickly mix with the surrounding air, creating a haze that can be detected in major cities and rural areas alike. The spike in pollution is most pronounced in the hours surrounding the evening of the festival, often pushing air quality indices into the unhealthy range.

Health professionals note that inhalation of this polluted air can cause immediate irritation of the respiratory tract. Individuals with pre‑existing conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may experience heightened coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. Even healthy adults can feel a burning sensation in the throat and a reduction in lung capacity after a few hours of exposure. The fine particles are small enough to penetrate deep into the lungs, where they can trigger inflammatory responses and reduce the efficiency of gas exchange.

Longer term concerns arise when exposure is repeated over several years of celebration. Repeated inhalation of fine particles and toxic gases can lead to a gradual decline in lung function, increasing the risk of chronic respiratory diseases. Studies suggest that while air quality often returns to normal within a few days after the festival, the damage to lung tissue may not fully reverse in vulnerable populations. Public health advisories therefore recommend limiting outdoor activities during peak firecracker periods, using masks with appropriate filtration, and encouraging the use of cleaner celebration alternatives to protect community health.